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d) d# „ ƒ YZ d e f d$ „ ƒ YZ d e f d% „ ƒ YZ d S(* s¡ Generic socket server classes.
This module tries to capture the various aspects of defining a server:
For socket-based servers:
- address family:
- AF_INET{,6}: IP (Internet Protocol) sockets (default)
- AF_UNIX: Unix domain sockets
- others, e.g. AF_DECNET are conceivable (see
- socket type:
- SOCK_STREAM (reliable stream, e.g. TCP)
- SOCK_DGRAM (datagrams, e.g. UDP)
For request-based servers (including socket-based):
- client address verification before further looking at the request
(This is actually a hook for any processing that needs to look
at the request before anything else, e.g. logging)
- how to handle multiple requests:
- synchronous (one request is handled at a time)
- forking (each request is handled by a new process)
- threading (each request is handled by a new thread)
The classes in this module favor the server type that is simplest to
write: a synchronous TCP/IP server. This is bad class design, but
save some typing. (There's also the issue that a deep class hierarchy
slows down method lookups.)
There are five classes in an inheritance diagram, four of which represent
synchronous servers of four types:
+------------+
| BaseServer |
+------------+
|
v
+-----------+ +------------------+
| TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer |
+-----------+ +------------------+
|
v
+-----------+ +--------------------+
| UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer |
+-----------+ +--------------------+
Note that UnixDatagramServer derives from UDPServer, not from
UnixStreamServer -- the only difference between an IP and a Unix
stream server is the address family, which is simply repeated in both
unix server classes.
Forking and threading versions of each type of server can be created
using the ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn mix-in classes. For
instance, a threading UDP server class is created as follows:
class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass
The Mix-in class must come first, since it overrides a method defined
in UDPServer! Setting the various member variables also changes
the behavior of the underlying server mechanism.
To implement a service, you must derive a class from
BaseRequestHandler and redefine its handle() method. You can then run
various versions of the service by combining one of the server classes
with your request handler class.
The request handler class must be different for datagram or stream
services. This can be hidden by using the request handler
subclasses StreamRequestHandler or DatagramRequestHandler.
Of course, you still have to use your head!
For instance, it makes no sense to use a forking server if the service
contains state in memory that can be modified by requests (since the
modifications in the child process would never reach the initial state
kept in the parent process and passed to each child). In this case,
you can use a threading server, but you will probably have to use
locks to avoid two requests that come in nearly simultaneous to apply
conflicting changes to the server state.
On the other hand, if you are building e.g. an HTTP server, where all
data is stored externally (e.g. in the file system), a synchronous
class will essentially render the service "deaf" while one request is
being handled -- which may be for a very long time if a client is slow
to read all the data it has requested. Here a threading or forking
server is appropriate.
In some cases, it may be appropriate to process part of a request
synchronously, but to finish processing in a forked child depending on
the request data. This can be implemented by using a synchronous
server and doing an explicit fork in the request handler class
handle() method.
Another approach to handling multiple simultaneous requests in an
environment that supports neither threads nor fork (or where these are
too expensive or inappropriate for the service) is to maintain an
explicit table of partially finished requests and to use select() to
decide which request to work on next (or whether to handle a new
incoming request). This is particularly important for stream services
where each client can potentially be connected for a long time (if
threads or subprocesses cannot be used).
Future work:
- Standard classes for Sun RPC (which uses either UDP or TCP)
- Standard mix-in classes to implement various authentication
and encryption schemes
- Standard framework for select-based multiplexing
XXX Open problems:
- What to do with out-of-band data?
BaseServer:
- split generic "request" functionality out into BaseServer class.
Copyright (C) 2000 Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
example: read entries from a SQL database (requires overriding
get_request() to return a table entry from the database).
entry is processed by a RequestHandlerClass.
s 0.4iÿÿÿÿNt TCPServert UDPServert ForkingUDPServert ForkingTCPServert ThreadingUDPServert ThreadingTCPServert BaseRequestHandlert StreamRequestHandlert DatagramRequestHandlert ThreadingMixInt ForkingMixInt AF_UNIXt UnixStreamServert UnixDatagramServert ThreadingUnixStreamServert ThreadingUnixDatagramServerc G sZ xS t rU y | | Œ SWq t t j f k
rQ } | j d t j k rR ‚ qR q Xq Wd S( s* restart a system call interrupted by EINTRi N( t Truet OSErrort selectt errort argst errnot EINTR( t funcR t e( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyt _eintr_retry— s t
BaseServerc B s• e Z d Z d Z d „ Z d „ Z d d „ Z d „ Z d „ Z d „ Z
d „ Z d „ Z d
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d „ Z d „ Z d
„ Z d „ Z d „ Z RS( s Base class for server classes.
Methods for the caller:
- __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
- shutdown()
- handle_request() # if you do not use serve_forever()
- fileno() -> int # for select()
Methods that may be overridden:
- server_bind()
- server_activate()
- get_request() -> request, client_address
- handle_timeout()
- verify_request(request, client_address)
- server_close()
- process_request(request, client_address)
- shutdown_request(request)
- close_request(request)
- handle_error()
Methods for derived classes:
- finish_request(request, client_address)
Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
instances:
- timeout
- address_family
- socket_type
- allow_reuse_address
Instance variables:
- RequestHandlerClass
- socket
c C s. | | _ | | _ t j ƒ | _ t | _ d S( s/ Constructor. May be extended, do not override.N( t server_addresst RequestHandlerClasst threadingt Eventt _BaseServer__is_shut_downt Falset _BaseServer__shutdown_request( t selfR R ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyt __init__Î s c C s d S( sS Called by constructor to activate the server.
May be overridden.
N( ( R" ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyt server_activateÕ s g à?c C s | j j ƒ zT xM | j s_ t t j | g g g | ƒ \ } } } | | k r | j ƒ q q WWd t | _ | j j ƒ Xd S( sÑ Handle one request at a time until shutdown.
Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
another thread.
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poll_intervalt rt wR ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyt
serve_foreverÝ s
c C s t | _ | j j ƒ d S( sÀ Stops the serve_forever loop.
Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while
serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will
deadlock.
N( R R! R t wait( R" ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyt shutdownó s c C s | j j ƒ } | d k r' | j } n$ | j d k rK t | | j ƒ } n t t j | g g g | ƒ } | d s | j ƒ d S| j ƒ d S( sO Handle one request, possibly blocking.
Respects self.timeout.
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r- d SX| j | | ƒ r~ y | j | | ƒ Wq~ | j | | ƒ | j | ƒ q~ Xn d S( sæ Handle one request, without blocking.
I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is
readable before this function was called, so there should be
no risk of blocking in get_request().
N( t get_requestR. R t verify_requestt process_requestt handle_errort shutdown_request( R" t requestt client_address( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR& s c C s d S( sc Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.
Overridden by ForkingMixIn.
N( ( R" ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR3 , s c C s t S( sn Verify the request. May be overridden.
Return True if we should proceed with this request.
( R ( R" R; R< ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR7 3 s c C s! | j | | ƒ | j | ƒ d S( sV Call finish_request.
Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn.
N( t finish_requestR: ( R" R; R< ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR8 ; s c C s d S( sD Called to clean-up the server.
May be overridden.
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close_request( R" R; ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR: P s c C s d S( s) Called to clean up an individual request.N( ( R" R; ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR? T s c C s5 d d GHd G| GHd d l } | j ƒ d d GHd S( st Handle an error gracefully. May be overridden.
The default is to print a traceback and continue.
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__module__t __doc__R0 R1 R# R$ R+ R- R5 R& R3 R7 R8 R> R= R: R? R9 ( ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR s * c B sw e Z d Z e j Z e j Z d Z e Z
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s3 Base class for various socket-based server classes.
Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP).
Methods for the caller:
- __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
- shutdown()
- handle_request() # if you don't use serve_forever()
- fileno() -> int # for select()
Methods that may be overridden:
- server_bind()
- server_activate()
- get_request() -> request, client_address
- handle_timeout()
- verify_request(request, client_address)
- process_request(request, client_address)
- shutdown_request(request)
- close_request(request)
- handle_error()
Methods for derived classes:
- finish_request(request, client_address)
Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
instances:
- timeout
- address_family
- socket_type
- request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)
- allow_reuse_address
Instance variables:
- server_address
- RequestHandlerClass
- socket
i c C sO t j | | | ƒ t j | j | j ƒ | _ | rK | j ƒ | j ƒ n d S( s/ Constructor. May be extended, do not override.N( R R# R. t address_familyt socket_typet server_bindR$ ( R" R R t bind_and_activate( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR# s
c C sQ | j r( | j j t j t j d ƒ n | j j | j ƒ | j j ƒ | _ d S( sO Called by constructor to bind the socket.
May be overridden.
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setsockoptt
SOL_SOCKETt SO_REUSEADDRt bindR t getsockname( R" ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyRH ¦ s c C s | j j | j ƒ d S( sS Called by constructor to activate the server.
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N( R. t close( R" ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR> ¹ s c C s
| j j ƒ S( sM Return socket file number.
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N( Ri ( R" ( ( s$ /usr/lib64/python2.7/SocketServer.pyR3 " s c C sÆ | j ƒ t j ƒ } | rX | j d k r7 g | _ n | j j | ƒ | j | ƒ d Sy. | j | | ƒ | j | ƒ t j d ƒ Wn9 z! | j
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In addition, exception handling is done here.
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This class is instantiated for each request to be handled. The
constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address
and server, and then calls the handle() method. To implement a
specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which
defines a handle() method.
The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the
client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it
needs access to per-server information) as self.server. Since a
separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method
can define arbitrary other instance variariables.
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